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Biological and Bioorganic Chemistry: in 2 books. — Book 1. Bioorganic Chemistry (Биологическая и биоорганическая химия. Книга 1. Биоорганическая химия)

310 грн

Автор: За ред. Зіменковського Б.С., Ніженковської І.В.
Издательство: Медицина
Год издания: 2019
Страниц: 288
Склад: Под заказ

The textbook contains the information about the structure, chemical properties and biological role of organic compounds which take part in human metabolic processes: low-molecular bioregulators (vitamins, hormones, other natural and synthetic biologically active compounds, including certain medications and toxic compounds) and biopolymers (carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids).
This textbook is recommended for students and teachers of higher education establishments — medical universities, institutes and academies.

Abbreviations............................................................................................................... 8

Preface......................................................................................................................... .9

Introduction. 
The subject, history of bioorganic chemistry development, 
its Value as a science.............................................................................................. ...11

PART І. 
Theoretical Basis of organic and Bioorganic Chemistry. 
The Structure of Organic and Bioorganic Compounds..........................................12

Chapter 1. Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds...................12

1.1. Classification of Organic Compounds..................................................... .........12

1.1.1. Classification Based on the Carbon Chain Structure ..................................... .....12

1.1.2. Classification Based on the Nature of the Functional Group................................ 13

1.2. Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.............................................................. 14

Chapter 2. The Structure of Organic Compounds................................................. ..18

2.1. Representation of the Structure of Organic Compounds............................... 18

2.2. Isomerism of Organic Compounds.........................................................             18

2.2.1. Structural Isomerism...................................................................................           18

2.2.2. Stereoisomerism..........................................................................................          19

Chapter 3. Electronic Conceptions in Organic Chemistry....................................   25

3.1. Chemical Bonds in Bioorganic Molecules.............................................. ...........25

3.1.1. The Structure of Covalent Bonds................................................................. .........25

3.1.2. Сharacteristics of Covalent Bonds................................................................ .........26

3.2. Electronic Effects, the Mutual Effect of Atoms in Molecules........................... 27

3.2.1. The Inductive Effect................................................................................................ 27

3.2.2. The Mesomeric Effect............................................................................................. 28

3.3. Classification of Chemical Reactions and Reagents.
the Mechanism of Chemical Reactions................................................... ....................29

3.3.1. Classification of Chemical Reactions Based on Their Mechanisms......................... 29

3.3.2. Classification of Chemical Reactions Based on the Bond Cleavage....................... 30

3.3.3. The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions...................................................... ..........30

3.4. The Acid and Base Properties of Organic Compounds..................................... 31

3.4.1. The Theory of Bronsted.............................................................................. ...........31

3.4.2. The Theory of Lewis............................................................................................... 32

PART ІI. HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.............................. ....................34

Chapter 4. Acyclic Hydrocarbons................................................................................. 34

4.1. Alkanes.................................................................................................................... 34

4.1.1. The Structure, Homology, Nomenclature, and Isomerism............................... ........34

4.1.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................... ...........35

4.1.3. Industrial and Biomedical Significance.................................................................... 36

4.2. Alkenes.................................................................................................................... 37

4.2.1. The Structure, Nomenclature and Isomerism.......................................................... 37

4.2.2. Chemical Properties............................................................................................... 38

4.3. Alkynes.....................................................................................................................40

4.4. Alkadienes............................................................................................................... 40

Chapter 5. Carbocyclic Hydrocarbons......................................................................... 43

5.1. Alicyclic Hydrocarbons........................................................................................... 43

5.1.1. Classification and Nomenclature.................................................................. ...........43

5.1.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................... ............43

5.1.3. Biomedical Significance........................................................................................... 44

5.2. Arenes..................................................................................................... .................44

5.2.1. Classification, Aromaticity........................................................................................ 44

5.2.2. Nomenclature and Isomerism of Mononuclear Arenes............................................. 45

5.2.3. Chemical Properties of Mononuclear Arenes................................................ ...........45

5.2.4. Polynuclear Arenes.................................................................................................. 48

Chapter 6. Halogen Derivatives of Hydrocarbons...................................................... 53

6.1. Chemical Properties................................................................................................ 53

6.1.1. Reactions of Nucleophilic Substitution...................................................................... 53

6.1.2. Reactions of Elimination ............................................................................. .............54

6.2. Biomedical Significance.......................................................................................... 54

Chapter 7. Hydroxyl Derivatives of Nydrocarbons. Thiols................................... .......56

7.1. Monoatomic Alcohols................................................................................................56

7.1.1. Structure, Nomenclature and Isomerism....................................................... .............56

7.1.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................................. 57

7.1.3. Individual Representatives........................................................................... .............59

7.2. DI- and Polyatomic Alcohols .................................................................................... 60

7.2.1. Structure, Nomenclature and Isomerism.................................................................... 60

7.2.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................................. 60

7.2.3. Individual Representatives......................................................................................... 62

7.3. Thiols and Thio Ethers.............................................................................................. 62

7.3.1. Structure and Nomenclature........................................................................ ..............62

7.3.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................... ..............63

7.4. Phenols.................................................................................................... ...................66

7.4.1. Structure, Classification and Nomenclature .............................................................. 66

7.4.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................... ..............66

7.4.3. Medical Application.................................................................................................... 68

Chapter 8. Amines............................................................................................................. 70

8.1. Classification and Nomenclature............................................................. ................70

8.2. Chemical Properties................................................................................ ..................71

8.3. Biological Activity and Toxicity................................................................................. 75

Chapter 9. Biologically Important Carbonyl Compounds.............................................. 77

9.1. Structure and Nomenclature.................................................................................... 77

9.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................................. 78

9.2.1. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions........................................................................... 78

9.2.2. Reactions of Nucleophilic Addition............................................................... ...............80

9.2.3. Reactions of the Addition-Elimination........................................................... ...............83

9.2.4. Condensation Reactions............................................................................................. 85

9.2.5. α-Carbon Atom Reactions........................................................................... ................86

9.2.6. Polymerization Reactions ........................................................................................... 87

9.3. Biomedical Significance............................................................................................. 87

Chapter 10. Carboxylic Acids and Their Functional Derivatives.......................... ........89

10.1. Aliphatic and Aromatic Monocarboxylic Acids....................................................... 89

10.1.1. Nomenclature............................................................................................................ 89

10.1.2. Chemical Properties.................................................................................................. 91

10.2. Carbonic Acid Derivatives.................................................................. ....................103

10.3. Aliphatic and Aromatic Dicarboxylic Acids......................................... ...................106

10.3.1. Classification and Nomenclature............................................................... ...............106

10.3.2. Chemical Properties................................................................................. ................107

Chapter 11. Biologically Important Heterofunctional Compounds..................... ..........110

11.1. Hydroxy Derivatives of Amines ......................................................... .....................110

11.1.1. Amino Alcohols....................................................................................... ...................110

11.1.2. Aminophenols............................................................................................................ 112

11.2. Hydroxy Acids..............................................................................................................112

11.2.1. Aliphatic Hydroxy Acids.......................................................................... ....................113

11.2.2. Aromatic Hydroxy Acids ........................................................................ .....................119

11.3. Oxoacids.............................................................................................. ........................121

11.3.1. Some Representatives of Oxoacids............................................................................ 121

11.3.2. Biosynthesis of Higher Fatty Acids.............................................................................. 124

11.4. Amino Acids ........................................................................................ ........................126

11.4.1. Structure of Amino Acids............................................................................................. 126

11.4.2. Nomenclature and Isomerism of Amino Acids........................................... ...................126

11.4.3. Chemical Properties ................................................................................ ...................127

11.5. Derivatives of Para-Amino Benzoic and Sulfanilic Acids ....................................... 131

PART ІII. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS...................................... 134

Chapter 12. Three-, Four- and five-membered Heterocyclic Compounds..................... 134

12.1. Three- and four-membered Heterocyclic Compounds..................... .......................134

12.2. Five-Membered heterocycles containing one heteroatom ............ .......................136

12.2.1. Chemical Properties................................................................................. ....................136

12.2.2. Some Representatives Having Biomedical Significance.............................. .................139

12.3. Five-membered heterocycles containing two heteroatoms ................................. 142

12.3.1. Oxazole and Isooxazole............................................................................ .....................143

12.3.2. Thiazole......................................................................................................................... 143

12.3.3. Pyrazole......................................................................................................................... 144

12.3.4. The Most Important Derivatives of Pyrazole............................................. ......................145

12.3.5. Imidazole........................................................................................................................ 145

12.3.6. The Most Important Derivatives of Imidazole............................................ ......................146

Chapter 13. Six- and seven-membered heterocyclic compounds.................................... 148

13.1. Six-Membered Heterocycles containing one heteroatom  ...................................... 148

13.1.1. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Nitrogen Heteroatom......................... ..........................148

13.1.2. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Oxygen Heteroatom ................................................... 155

13.2. Six-Membered Heterocycles containing two heteroatoms ............ ..........................156

13.2.1. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Two Nitrogen Heteroatoms ............... ..........................156

13.2.2. Six-Membered Heterocycles with Nitrogen and Sulfur Heteroatoms ....... ........................160

13.3. Seven-Membered Heterocycles......................................................... ..........................161

Chapter 14. Biologically Important Condensed Heterocyclic Systems, Alkaloids............ 164

14.1. purine derivatives .............................................................................. ............................164

14.1.1. Hydroxy Derivatives of Purine................................................................. .........................165

14.1.2. Amino Derivatives of Purine............................................................................................. 167

14.2. pteridine derivatives ...................................................................................................... 168

14.3. Alkaloids ........................................................................................................................... 169

14.3.3. Pyridine and Piperidine Alkaloids...................................................................................... 169

14.3.2. Quinoline Alkaloids.................................................................................. .........................170

14.3.3. Isoquinoline and Phenanthrene Isoquinoline Alkaloids..................................................... 170

14.3.4. Tropane Alkaloids.................................................................................... .........................171

PART ІV. BIOPOLYMERS AND BIOREGULATORS .................................... .................................174

Chapter 15. Carbohydrates or Saccharides (Sugars)........................................... .................174

15.1. Monosaccharides (Monoses).......................................................................................... 175

15.1.1. Isomerism............................................................................................... ...........................176

15.1.2. Tautomerism........................................................................................... ...........................177

15.1.3. Chemical Properties ......................................................................................................... 180

15.1.4. Individual Representatives................................................................................................. 189

15.1.5. Derivatives of Monosaccharides........................................................................................ 192

15.2. Disaccharides..................................................................................................................... 194

15.2.1. Reducing Disaccharides.....................................................................................................195

15.2.2. Non-Rreducing Disaccharides.................................................................. .........................201

15.3. Higher Polysaccharides.....................................................................................................202

15.3.1. Homopolysaccharides ............................................................................. ..........................202

15.3.2. Heteropolysaccharides...................................................................................................... 207

Chapter 16. Proteinogenic Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins ......................................... 212

16.1. Proteinogenic amino acids and their properties .......................................................... 212

16.1.1. Isomerism and Structure.......................................................................... ..........................212

16.1.2. Chemical Properties ...........................................................................................................216

16.2. Peptides and proteins ...................................................................................................... 224

16.2.1. Amino Acid Composition and Amino Acid Sequence ................................ .........................224

16.2.2. Structural Organization of Proteins ................................................................................... 228

16.2.3. Electrophoresis of Amino Acids and Proteins ........................................... ........................233

16.2.4. Classification of Proteins  ................................................................................................. 234

16.2.5. Qualitative Reactions on Proteins ..................................................................................... 235

Chapter 17. Nucleic Acids. Coenzymes............................................................... .....................237

17.1. Nucleosides........................................................................................................................ 239

17.2. Nucleotides......................................................................................................................... 240

17.3. The structure of Nucleic acids ......................................................................................... 241

17.3.1. The Primary Structure ............................................................................ ............................241

17.3.2. The Secondary Structure of DNA............................................................ ...........................243

17.3.3. The Structure and Functions of RNA.................................................................................. 245

17.4. Nucleotide Coenzymes  .................................................................................................... 246

Chapter 18. Lipids........................................................................................................................ 251

18.1. Saponifiable Lipids............................................................................... ...............................251

18.1.1. Simple Saponifiable Lipids................................................................................................... 251

18.1.2. Complex Saponifiable Lipids............................................................................................... 254

18.2. Nonsaponifiable Lipids ....................................................................... ...............................259

18.2.1. Terpenes............................................................................................................................. 259

18.2.2. Carotenoids............................................................................................. ............................262

18.2.3. Steroids................................................................................................................................ 263

18.2.4. Prostaglandins .................................................................................................................... 268

Answer on the Test for Self Control.................................................................................................. 271

Recommended Literature List.......................................................................................................... 272

INDEX................................................................................................................... ............................273

ISBN: 978-617-505-757-5
Язык издания: EN
Обложка: Тверда
Размер: 170 х 240мм
Вес: 500г

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